The Large Uterus Classification System: a prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the Large Uterus Classification System (LUCS) ability to predict surgical outcomes and complications in total laparoscopic hysterectomies (TLHs) for large uteri. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Two referral centres. POPULATION OR SAMPLE: Three hundred and ninety-two women who underwent TLH for a large uterus (uterine fundus at or over the transverse umbilical line). METHODS: Between 2004 and 2019, the intraoperative LUCS was estimated in all patients. The LUCS considers the uterine and adnexal vascular pedicles displacement. Type 1 is without vascular pedicles displacement. Type 2 has the cephalad displacement of adnexal vascular pedicles. The uterine vessels displacement regardless of adnexal pedicles defines Type 3. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients' characteristics with perioperative outcomes were prospectively collected and compared between the three types of large uteri. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-one (64%), 82 (20.9%) and 59 (15.1%) women had Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 uteri, respectively. Women with Type 1 uteri had a lower uterine weight, shorter operative time, less blood loss and lower complication rates than women with Types 2 and 3. The conversion rate to laparotomy in Type 1 was similar to that in Type 2 (odds ratio [OR] 0.98; 95% CI 0.32-3.56) but lower than Type 3 (OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.14-0.97); in Type 2 it was lower than Type 3, although without the conventional statistical significance (OR 0.36; 95% CI 0.13-1.13; P = 0.07). Multivariable analysis showed that the uterine Type (1 versus 2-3) was independently associated with the total complications rate (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.09-3.68; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The LUCS appears associated with surgical outcomes and complications, potentially stratifying the surgical risk and guiding the surgical technique in TLHs for large uteri. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: The Large Uterus Classification System may predict outcomes in total laparoscopic hysterectomy of large uteri.

Gestational diabetes mellitus: Prevention, diagnosis and treatment. A fresh look to a busy corner.

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication characterized by hyperglycaemia with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Risk factors include family history of diabetes, previous GDM, genetic predisposition for GDM/type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance conditions such as overweight, obesity and ethnicity. Women with GDM are at high risk for fetal macrosomia, small for gestational age, neonatal hypoglycaemia, operative delivery and caesarean delivery. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the most recent findings of diagnosis and treatment of GDM in order to underline the importance to promote adequate prevention of this disease, especially through lifestyle interventions such as diet and physical activity. METHODS: The research was conducted using the following electronic databases, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, ClinicalTrial.gov, OVID and Cochrane Library, including all published randomized and non-randomized studies as well as narrative and systematic reviews. RESULTS: The lack of universally accepted criteria makes the definition of diagnosis and prognosis of this condition difficult. Early diagnosis and glucose blood level control may improve maternal and fetal short and long-term outcomes. Treatment strategies include nutritional interventions and exercise. Medical treatment can be necessary if these strategies are not effective. Moreover, novel non-pharmacologic agents such as myo-inositol seem to be effective and safe both in the prevention and the treatment of GDM. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to promote adequate prevention of GDM. Further studies are needed in order to better define the most appropriate strategies for the clinical management of women affected by GDM.

Evaluation Through Transcutaneous Tissue Oximetry (Near Infrared Spectroscopy) of Spinal Cord Stimulation in Patients With Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I.

OBJECTIVE: One of the physiopathological hypothesis behind complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I involves the deep-tissue hypoxia of the affected areas. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) appears to be effective in the treatment of these patients. We evaluated whether ESCS modifies tissue oxygen saturation (StO2 ) measured with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the affected limbs in patients diagnosed with CRPS type I. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nonrandomized, cross-sectional study that evaluated 16 patients with CRPS type I who were receiving SCS applied to the posterior cords. NIRS was used to evaluate baseline StO2 (primary outcome) and variations in StO2 (secondary outcome) during an ischemia-reperfusion test performed using a vascular occlusion test, comparing the hands of limbs unilaterally affected by CRPS type I with the unaffected contralateral hands. We also determined whether the variations in StO2 were related to a modification in the percentage of subjective pain improvement and in the visual analog scale score. RESULTS: The baseline StO2 of the affected hands was significantly higher than that of the unaffected hands (mean 4.7%; 95% confidence interval: 1.41, 6.7; p = 0.005). Variations in StO2 during the ischemia-reperfusion test revealed no differences between affected and unaffected hands. No significant correlations were detected between baseline StO2 values or variations in StO2 during the vascular occlusion test and the pain measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline StO2 evaluated by NIRS was greater in the affected hands of patients with CRPS type I treated with SCS than in the unaffected, contralateral hands.

Almost 2% of Spanish breast cancer families are associated to germline pathogenic mutations in the ATM gene.

PURPOSE: There is still a considerable percentage of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) cases not explained by BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. In this report, next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques were applied to identify novel variants and/or genes involved in HBOC susceptibility. METHODS: Using whole exome sequencing, we identified a novel germline mutation in the moderate-risk gene ATM (c.5441delT; p.Leu1814Trpfs*14) in a family negative for mutations in BRCA1/2 (BRCAX). A case-control association study was performed to establish its prevalence in Spanish population, in a series of 1477 BRCAX families and 589 controls further screened, and NGS panels were used for ATM mutational screening in a cohort of 392 HBOC Spanish BRCAX families and 350 patients affected with diseases not related to breast cancer. RESULTS: Although the interrogated mutation was not prevalent in case-control association study, a comprehensive mutational analysis of the ATM gene revealed 1.78% prevalence of mutations in the ATM gene in HBOC and 1.94% in breast cancer-only BRCAX families in Spanish population, where data about ATM mutations were very limited. CONCLUSION: ATM mutation prevalence in Spanish population highlights the importance of considering ATM pathogenic variants linked to breast cancer susceptibility.

Depth of bacterial invasion in resected intestinal tissue predicts mortality in surgical necrotizing enterocolitis.

OBJECTIVE: Up to a third of all infants who develop necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) require surgical resection of necrotic bowel. We hypothesized that the histopathological findings in surgically resected bowel can predict the clinical outcome of these infants. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed the medical records and archived pathology specimens from all patients who underwent bowel resection/autopsy for NEC at a regional referral center over a 10-year period. Pathology specimens were graded for the depth and severity of necrosis, inflammation, bacteria invasion and pneumatosis, and histopathological findings were correlated with clinical outcomes. RESULT: We performed clinico-pathological analysis on 33 infants with confirmed NEC, of which 18 (54.5%) died. Depth of bacterial invasion in resected intestinal tissue predicted death from NEC (odds ratio 5.39 per unit change in the depth of bacterial invasion, 95% confidence interval 1.33 to 21.73). The presence of transmural necrosis and bacteria in the surgical margins of resected bowel was also associated with increased mortality. CONCLUSION: Depth of bacterial invasion in resected intestinal tissue predicts mortality in surgical NEC.

Cold-induced sweating syndrome type 1, with a CRLF1 level mutation, previously associated with Crisponi syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Cold-induced sweating syndrome type 1 (CISS1) is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis caused by mutations in the CRLF1 gene, characterized by profuse sweating when the ambient temperature is below 22°C and morphological alterations. CRLF1 mutations also cause Crisponi syndrome (CS), which presents neonatal muscle contractions, morphological disorders and alterations in the autonomous nervous system. CASE REPORT: A 30-year-old man sought treatment for profuse sweating. His medical record included neonatal admission for generalized hypertonicity. Clinical examination revealed morphological alterations. A genetic study was requested, detecting a c.713dupC mutation in homozygosity in the CRLF1 gene. CONCLUSIONS: We report the case of a male with clinical and genetic diagnosis of CISS1 who in childhood presented clinical characteristics of CS. The mutation detected in CRLF1 has not been described in patients with CISS1, but in one with CS. These data seem to support the theory that CS and CISS1 are variants of the same disorder.

Persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection impairs HCV-specific cytotoxic T cell reactivity through Mcl-1/Bim imbalance due to CD127 down-regulation.

In persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, HCV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) reactivity is impaired and this affects HCV control. Interleukin-7 receptor (CD127) expression on these cells could regulate CTL reactivity through Mcl-1/Bim balance modulation. Bim is a pro-apoptotic molecule blocked by the action of Mcl-1. Mcl-1/Bim expression and T cell reactivity on HCV-specific CTLs were compared according to CD127 phenotype. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from HLA-A2(+) HCV(+) patients were obtained. HCV-specific CTLs were visualized by staining PBL with anti-CD8 and HLA-A2/peptide pentameric complexes (pentamer). Mcl-1/Bim/CD127 phenotype of HCV-specific CTLs was tested by staining detectable CD8(+)/pentamer(+) cells with anti-Mcl-1/Bim/CD127 antibodies. HCV-specific CTL proliferation ability after specific in vitro challenge was tested in the presence and absence of pancaspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. All stained cells were analysed by flow cytometry. CD127(low)-expressing HCV-specific CTLs associated with high HCV viraemia, while CD127(high) correlated with undetectable viral loads (P < 0.001). Directly ex vivo, pentamer(+) cell frequency was similar according to CD127 expression level. Nevertheless, CD127(low) pentamer(+) cell proliferation after specific in vitro challenge was impaired (P < 0.05), although this was corrected by z-VAD-fmk treatment (P < 0.05). Mcl-1 expression was low directly ex vivo (P < 0.01), and Bim was up-regulated after antigen encounter (P < 0.05) of CD127(low) pentamer(+) cells. The ex vivo difference between Mcl-1 and Bim expression on pentamer(+) cells correlated positively with CD127 expression level (P < 0.001) and with pentamer(+) cell reactivity (P < 0.05). In summary, a low ex vivo Mcl-1 expression and Bim up-regulation after antigen encounter are involved in CD127(low) HCV-specific CTL hyporeactivity during chronic infection, but it can be overcome by apoptosis blockade.

Mercaptopurine rescue after azathioprine-induced liver injury in inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND: Azathioprine (AZA) liver toxicity arises in approximately 3% of inflammatory bowel disease patients and may result in treatment discontinuation. AIM: To describe the tolerance to mercaptopurine (MP) in patients with previous AZA-related liver injury. METHODS: Retrospective description of 31 patients (14 Crohn's, 17 ulcerative colitis), in which AZA therapy was interrupted because of liver injury, with MP started as alternative therapy. RESULTS: Mean AZA dose was 2.2 +/- 0.4 mg x kg/day. Median (interquartile range) of AZA exposure when liver injury was detected was 2 months (1-5.2). The type of AZA-related injury was cytolitic in 32%, cholestatic in 39% and mixed in 29%. After a median of 2.5 months (0.7-5.2), the therapy was switched to MP at a mean dose of 1.3 +/- 0.2 mg x kg/day. Median of follow-up of MP therapy was 32 months (8-54). In 87.1% of patients (95%CI: 70-96%), MP was tolerated without further liver injury; of these, 77.4% tolerated full MP doses and 9.7% tolerated lower doses. In a further cohort of 12.9% of patients, (95%CI: 3-29%), liver injury reappeared (two cholestasis, two mixed), 1-3 months after the onset of MP exposure. CONCLUSION: The administration of MP is a good alternative in patients with AZA-related liver injury, before thiopurines are definitely discarded.

Alteraciones visuales y oculares en pruebas tamiz,Pereira, 2006-2007 / Visual and ocular disorders in screening tests, Pereira 2006-2007

El conocimiento del estado de salud visual y ocular de la población permite la creación de programas de intervención para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas. Objetivo: caracterizar la población de acuerdo con el estado visual y ocular, según atención en tamizajes visuales en Pereira, mediante evaluación de los registros individuales de prestación de servicios (RIPS) diligenciados entre 2006 y 2007para generar proyectos de investigación e intervención que beneficien a la población. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo–retrospectivo de los RIPS diligenciados entre 2006 y 2007 por una institución de educación superior en Pereira, donde se tomaron datos sin discriminación de género, ni edad de personas que fueran atendidos en jornadas de tamizajes visuales, se evaluaron la totalidad de registros, se realizó una base de datos en Excel, se filtró la informacióny se analizó en el programa Stata 9.0. Para esta investigación, considerada sin riesgo según la resolución 008430, se contó con el consentimiento institucional. Resultados: el 52,06 por ciento de la población está entre 3 años y 11 años, la edad media fue de 11años. La relación hombre: mujer de 1:1 aproximadamente. Las alteraciones del estado refractivo fueron las más frecuentes, con un 99 por ciento, la hipermetropía, con un 50,6 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento 48-53), seguida por el astigmatismo, la miopía y la emetropía. Conclusiones: la población atendida es joven, de procedencia urbana, sin diferencia entre los géneros. Los defectos refractivos son las principales causas de morbilidad visual.

The knowledge about the people’s visual and ocular conditions allows the creation of intervention programs to improve the people’s quality of life. Objective: characterize people according to its visual and ocular conditions, vision screening process in Pereira by evaluating the individual health care records (RIPS) processed between 2006 and 2007 to create research and intervention programs for the people’s benefits. Marterials and methods: descriptive retrospective study of the processed RIPS was done by an university in Pereira between 2006 and 2007. The gender and age were taken without taking into account differences at the moment of collecting data. All the data was taken and loaded in Excel and then they were analyzed in Stata 9.0. According to the 008430 resolution, this study doesn’t have risk. Its has an institutional permition. Results: 52,06 percent of the people is between 3 and 11 years old. The age average was 11 year sold. The relation between man and woman was about 1:1. The most frequent found disorders werere fractive disorders, that represents 99 percent, hyperopia was 50,6 percent (IC 95 percent 48-53), followed by astigmatism, myopia and emetropy. Conclusions: people assessed are young, from urban areas, there is no differences between genders. The refractive disorders are main causes of visual morbidity.

Hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation: Viral and histologic response to full-dose PEG-interferon and ribavirin.

Hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation (LT) is universal, and frequently leads to cirrhosis and death. The aim of our study was to assess the efficacy and safety of 48-weeks of full-dose peg-interferon-alpha-2a (n = 4) or alpha-2b (n = 51) plus ribavirin (>11 mg/kg/day) in a multicentric cohort of 55 patients > or =12 months after LT. All subjects had histologically proven HCV recurrence, excluding severe cholestatic recurrence. Mean age was 54.3 +/- 9.7, 77% male, 90.9% genotype 1, 32.7% cirrhotics. All but 5 patients received monotherapy with tacrolimus (54.5%), cyclosporine (30.7%) or mycophenolate mofetil (5.5%). The rates of end-of-treatment response and sustained virological response (SVR) were 66.7% and 43.6%, respectively. Low baseline HCV-RNA (p = 0.005) and a length from LT to therapy between 2-4 years (p = 0.011) were predictors of SVR. The lack of achieving a viral load decrease > or =1-log10 at week 4 and/or 2-log10 at week 12 was 100% predictive of failure. The most frequent side effects were neutropenia (76,4%), anemia (60%) and infectious complications (30.9%). Toxicity led to peg-interferon withdrawal in 16 (29%) subjects. In 15 patients with post-treatment biopsy, the histological activity index was significantly improved (p = 0.006), whereas fibrosis did not change (p = 0.14). Three patients died (cholangitis, hepatic artery thrombosis and lung cancer). In conclusion, HCV therapy after LT was very effective, although it led to a significant rate of toxicity.

Viral kinetics and early prediction of nonresponse to peg-IFN-alpha-2b plus ribavirin in HCV genotypes 1/4 according to HIV serostatus.

To evaluate, among 70 hepatitis C virus (HCV)-monoinfected and 36 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-coinfected naïve patients with genotypes 1/4 receiving weight-adjusted pegylated interferon-alpha-2b/ribavirin, viral kinetics and the feasibility to predict treatment failure measuring early HCV-RNA decreases. HCV-RNA was assessed at baseline, weeks 4, 12 and 24. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated to determine the most sensitive cut-off values of viral decrease at week 4 predicting treatment failure. Baseline predictors of failure were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. Despite similar baseline HCV-RNA (5.75 vs 5.72 log(10)IU/ml, P = 0.6), HCV monoinfection led to significantly lower HCV-RNA values at weeks 4 (3.7 vs 4.3 log(10)IU/ml, P = 0.01), 12 (2.3 vs 3.5 log(10)IU/ml, P = 0.01) and 24 (1.4 vs 3.3 log(10)IU/ml, P = 0.001) and a higher rates of viral clearance at weeks 24 (60%vs 36%, P = 0.02), 48 (46%vs 25%, P = 0.03) and 72 (37%vs 17%). The lack of achieving an HCV-RNA decrease of at least 1 log(10) at week 4 was highly predictive of treatment failure for HCV-monoinfected patients (Se 100%, Sp 50%, positive predictive value (PPV) 57%, negative predictive value (NPV) 100%, ROC curve area, 0.86 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77-0.95], but not for HCV/HIV-coinfected patients (cut-off, 0 log(10), Se 100%, Sp 27%, PPV 21%, NPV 100%, ROC curve area, 0.71 (95% CI 0.49-0.93). HIV coinfection was independently associated with failure (odds ratio 2.95, 95% CI 1.08-8.04, P = 0.01). Thus the magnitude of HCV-RNA decreases at week 4 correlated with treatment response. Significant differences in viral kinetics and cut-off values predicting nonresponse suggest a slower HCV clearance rate in HIV coinfection, which was independently associated with treatment failure.

Fascitis necrotizante secundaria a inserción de sonda de gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea / Necrotizing fascitis secondary to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

No disponible

Management of diabetic ketoacidosis in a teaching hospital.

The aim of our study was to evaluate clinical management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in a teaching hospital. We followed all the patients hospitalised for DKA over six years (1995-2000), and we recorded clinical data, laboratory finding at entrance and clinical management. We compared the data to the standards set in guidelines. Our study showed an important delay of initiation of intravenous fluid (70% of cases), an under-replacement with intravenous fluid (69% of cases) and with potassium therapy (80% of cases), and an excessive use of alkali therapy. In conclusion, suboptimal management of DKA occurred in a large percentage of patients.

Riesgos del tratamiento estrogénico en trastornos de identidad sexual: a propósito de un caso / Risks of estrogen treatment in gender identity disorders: apropos of a case

Los riesgos potenciales del tratamiento estrogénico se deben tener en cuenta al tratar a los pacientes transexuales de varón a mujer con estos fármacos. Presentamos el caso de una paciente transexual de varón a mujer que estaba siendo tratada con etinilestradiol y sufrió un episodio de trombosis venosa profunda en el miembro inferior tras inmovilización por un esguince. Dicha paciente fue sometida posteriormente a un estudio de trombofilia y se detectó que era portadora heterocigota del factor V Leiden, por lo que se contraindicó el tratamiento con estrógenos de por vida. Debemos valorar, en los pacientes con mayor riesgo de trombosis venosa profunda, la realización de un estudio de trombofilia previo al tratamiento, así como la necesidad de profilaxis tromboembólica en caso de coexistir un reto trombótico (AU)

The potential risks of estrogen treatment when the male-to-female (M-to-F) transsexual patients are treated with estrogens should not be forgotten. We report the case of a M-to-F transsexual patient undergoing treatment with ethinyl estradiol who developed deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremity after a period of immobility because of a sprain. Thrombophilia study revealed that she was a heterozygous carrier of factor V Leiden. Estrogens were therefore contraindicated. We recommend screening for thrombophilic defects in patients at high risk for deep vein thrombosis before starting estrogen therapy. In addition, these patients require thromboembolic prophylaxis if there are concomitant triggering factors (AU)

Pegylated interferon and ribavirin for the recurrence of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 in transplant patients.

The efficacy of pegylated interferon (p-IFN) and ribavirin (RB) in transplant patients is not well known. Chronic hepatitis C evolves in a more aggressive form after transplantation, causing a worse survival. Twenty-one naïve patients with recurrent chronic hepatitis C demonstrated by biopsy were treated for 48 weeks with p-IFN alpha2b (1.5 microg/kg/wk) and RB (>10.6 mg/kg/d). Quantification of RNA was performed (Amplicor Cobas 2.0 Roche) at baseline, 4, 12, 24, 48, and 72 weeks. A qualitative technique was used when quantitative levels were undetectable. At more than 1 year since liver transplantation we did not detect coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus or use steroid treatment. Among the cohort there were 16 men (76.2%). The mean overall age was 52 +/- 12 years. Time from liver transplant to treatment was 1637 +/- 1030 days. They were all infected with genotype 1. Eight patients received cyclosporine and the others tacrolimus. One patient was coinfected with hepatitis B virus and was receiving lamivudine. The mean initial histological activity index was 6.9 +/- 1.5 and fibrosis, 2.52 +/- 1.8 (Ishak). Two patients needed spleen embolization before the treatment. Two patients had to stop the treatment: one due to clinical intolerance, and the other one due to a cholangitis. In 14%, p-IFN doses were adjusted. In 32% RB was adjusted. Five (23.8%) did not respond at 24 weeks. Fourteen (66.7%) showed end-treatment responses but four relapsed at 72 weeks. A sustained viral response was achieved in 9 (42.8%). One patient died due to arterial thrombosis just after completing the treatment.

Valor pronóstico de la sobreexpresión de HER-2 en pacientes con carcinoma de mama precoz de alto riesgo tratadas con quimioterapia a dosis altas / Prognostic value of HER-2 over-expression in women with high-risk early stage breast cancer treated with high-dose chemotherapy

Objetivo: La finalidad del estudio es determinar de manera retrospectiva el valor pronóstico de la sobreexpresión de HER-2 en el subgrupo de pacientes con carcinoma de mama precoz de alto riesgo tratadas con altas dosis de quimioterapia adyuvante. Métodos: Se obtuvieron los bloques de parafina del tumor primario correspondientes a 62 pacientes con carcinoma de mama locorregional tratadas con quimioterapia adyuvante a dosis altas. Las secciones del tumor fueron analizadas por dos patólogos (MJPG y JPR) ajenos a los resultados clínicos, mediante inmunohistoquímica con HercepTest de Dako. Se analizó la asociación de distintas variables con la expresión de HER-2. Se ha estudiado la asociación de la expresión de HER-2 y las otras variables con la supervivencia. Resultados: Se halló expresión de HER-2 3+ en 12 casos (19 por ciento), 2 + en 9 casos (14 por ciento), 1+ en 10 casos (17 por ciento) y 0 en 31 casos (50 por ciento). La sobreexpresión de HER-2 (3+) se asoció de forma significativa con la negatividad de receptores hormonales (p = 0,03) y con el grado nuclear alto (p = 0,02), pero no se observó ninguna asociación con las otras variables. Cuando se realizó el mismoanálisis considerando como HER-2 positivo todos los casos con puntuación 2 + y 3+ se obtuvieron resultados similares. La sobreexpresión de HER-2 con una puntuación 3+ se asocia de forma significativa con una menor supervivencia libre de enfermedad (p = 0,05), pero no presenta asociación con la supervivencia global (p = 0,74). No se identificó ninguna otra variable con influencia significativa en la supervivencia. Conclusiones: La expresión de HER-2 con puntuación 3+ analizado mediante HercepTest es un factor predictivo de la supervivencia libre de enfermedad en pacientes con carcinoma de mama primario de alto riesgo tratadas con quimioterapia a dosis altas (AU)

Tratamiento de la diabetes gestacional / Treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus

Se considera DG cualquier grado de intolerancia a la glucosa de comienzo o primer diagnóstico durante la gestación. Su diagnóstico y tratamiento disminuyen la morbimortalidad maternofetal asociadas a este trastorno. En el tratamiento es básico la elaboración de una dieta, la monitorización glucémica y la administración de insulina si los objetivos terapéuticos no han sido conseguidos con la dieta. Se recomienda una ganancia de peso al finalizar el embarazo entre los 10-12 kilos. El aporte calórico se basa en el peso ideal, recomendándose una ingesta calórica de 30 Kcal/kg/dia, con una distribución del aporte calórico en 6 tomas diarias, evitándose un ayuno nocturno mayor a 9 horas. La monitorización glucémica se realiza mediante el autoanálisis de glucemia domiciliaria, tanto basal como postprandial, con unos objetivos de glucemia basal < 90 mg/dl, 1 hora postprandial < 140 mg/dl y 2 horas postprandial < 120 mg/dl; y mediante el valor de la HbA1c, que debe ser monitorizada cada 2-4 semanas. Se recomienda la administración de insulina cuando no se alcancen dichos objetivos con la dieta, con una pauta de insulinización inicial que debe ser sencilla, con 0,15-0,30 UI/kg de insulina NHP o mezcla, dividida en 2 dosis antes del desayuno y de la cena, para pasar en caso de fracaso a pauta de insulinoterapia intensiva. Las mujeres que hayan requerido tratamiento con insulina necesitan tratamiento insulínico intensivo durante el parto, mediante perfusión de glucosa más insulina. Es recomendable un parto espontáneo y por vía vaginal, salvo que las condiciones obstétricas lo dictaminen. Es importante una reclasificación del estatus glúcemico materno entre 3 y 6 meses tras el parto o tras finalizar la lactancia, mediante una SOG con 75 g, dada la alta prevalencia de alteraciones futuras en el metabolismo glucídico en estas pacientes, especialmente de DM tipo 2 y de la aparición de DG en embarazos posteriores; esto está más relacionado con el control de peso en años sucesivos. Se recomienda un seguimiento de los hijos a largo plazo, ya que estos tienen una mayor predisposición a desarrollar en la adolescencia IHC y/obesidad (AU)